MediaWiki API result
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{
"compare": {
"fromid": 1,
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"fromns": 0,
"fromtitle": "Main Page",
"toid": 2,
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"tons": 0,
"totitle": "Linux commands",
"*": "<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\" id=\"mw-diff-left-l1\" >Line 1:</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\">Line 1:</td></tr>\n<tr><td class='diff-marker'>\u2212</td><td class='diff-deletedline'><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><strong>MediaWiki has been installed.</strong></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">See also: [[Linux_tips]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class='diff-marker'>\u00a0</td><td class='diff-context'></td><td class='diff-marker'>\u00a0</td><td class='diff-context'></td></tr>\n<tr><td class='diff-marker'>\u2212</td><td class='diff-deletedline'><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using </del>the <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki software</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Note! Use <code>sudo<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">code> if you need administer rights to execute </ins>the <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">task</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class='diff-marker'>\u00a0</td><td class='diff-context'></td><td class='diff-marker'>\u00a0</td><td class='diff-context'></td></tr>\n<tr><td class='diff-marker'>\u2212</td><td class='diff-deletedline'><div>== Getting <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">started </del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Basic commands ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class='diff-marker'>\u2212</td><td class='diff-deletedline'><div>* [<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Configuration_settings Configuration settings </del>list]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class='diff-marker'>\u2212</td><td class='diff-deletedline'><div>* [<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=</ins>== Getting <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Help ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class='diff-marker'>\u2212</td><td class='diff-deletedline'><div>* <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[https</del>://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lists</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wikimedia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mailman</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">listinfo</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">announce MediaWiki release mailing </del>list]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class='diff-marker'>\u2212</td><td class='diff-deletedline'><div>* <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[https</del>://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki </del>for your <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">language]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class='diff-marker'>\u2212</td><td class='diff-deletedline'><div>* [<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Combating_spam Learn how </del>to <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">combat spam </del>on your <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">print mysqldump man page (manual) ........ $man mysqldump</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">print mysqldump help file on the screen .. $mysqldump -?</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">print mysqldump help file on the screen .. $mysqldump --help</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">search text from mysqldump help file ..... $mysqldump --help | grep 'textToSearch'</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">write mysqldump help output into a file .. $mysqldump --help > mysqldumphelp.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">checking tar-program version ............. $tar --version</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">searching "version" text from binaries ... $strings /usr/bin/tar | grep -i 'version'</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Navigation ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change directory ........................... $cd [directory_name]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">parent directory ........................... $cd ..</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">your profile's home directory .............. $cd ~</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">your profile's desktop directory ........... $cd ~/Desktop</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">root directory ............................. $cd /</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show current absolute path / directory ..... $pwd (e.g. /Users/exampleuser/Desktop)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show physical current working directory .... $pwd -P (all symbolic links resolved)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">move to the start of the line .............. $CTRL+a</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">move to the end of the line ................ $CTRL+e</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Managing Files And Directories ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Copy ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">copy dir contents (when in target dir) ..... $cp -r /etc/examplefolder/* ./</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">copy dir contents preserving ownership ..... $cp -pr /etc/examplefolder/* ./ (when in target dir. by default -p preserves at least attributes: rwx-rights, ownership, mode and timestamps)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">copy dir contents (don't overwrite) ........ $yes n | cp -r -i /etc/examplefolder/* ./ 2>/dev/null (when in target dir. -i switch asks "do you wan't to overwrite" and piped "yes n" command answers automatically "no" to every question)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">copy dir contents (don't overwrite) ........ $cp -r -n /etc/examplefolder/* ./ (Note! when in target dir. -n, --no-clobber : do not overwrite an existing files. Note: the option isn't available in all linux version's cp tools!)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">COPY, DON'T OVERWRITE, PRESERVE RIGHTS ..... $yes n | cp -pr -i /etc/examplefolder/* ./ 2>/dev/null (when in target dir. 2>/dev/null hides messages.)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">copy file .................................. $cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/lib/php.ini</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">copy multiple files ........................ $cp .htaccess robots.txt /var/www/drupal-6.17/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">copy all files starting test ............... $cp test* /var/www/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">copy directory (when in source dir) ........ $cp -r examplefolder /var/www/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">copy directory (when in target dir) ........ $cp -r /etc/examplefolder ./</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">copy only if source files are newer ........ $cp -r -u /etc/examplefolder/* ./</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Delete ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete/remove file ......................... $rm foo.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete/remove files ........................ $rm foo.txt foo2.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete all files from current directory .... $rm *</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete all files with prompt option ........ $rm -i *\u00a0 (asks remove file-xx.foo y/n with every file)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete all except files starting f ......... $rm [!f]*</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete all except specific file ............ $rm $(ls * | grep -v example_file)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete all except files foo1 & foo2 ........ $rm $(ls | grep -v 'index.htm' | grep -v 'data_hooks.php')</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete empty directory ..................... $rmdir foo</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete nested empty directories ............ $rmdir foo1/foo2/foo3 (same as $rmdir foo1/foo2/foo3 foo1/foo2 foo1)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete directory which has content ......... $rm <nowiki>-rf</nowiki> foo (remove a directory with no prompts)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Move and Rename ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">move a directory ........................... $mv targetdirectory/ /destination/parent/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">move all content of a directory ............ $mv /var/www/drupal/* /var/www/drupal_old (this doesn't move hidden files e.g. .htaccess from top folder: drupal)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">move hidden and other files to parent dir .. $mv * .[^.]* ..\u00a0 (note: .[^.]* means all files starting with a dot, having other character something else than a dot, followed by other arbitrary characters)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">move file with same name ................... $mv phpBB3.tar.bz2 /var/www/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">move and rename file ....................... $mv phpBB3.tar.bz2 /var/www/phpBB3_bu.tar.bz2</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">rename file (or folder) .................... $mv foo.txt foo_old.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Other ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">create a directory ......................... $mkdir foo</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sets the current time/date for file ........ $settime myfile.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">create or change accessed time if exists ... $touch newfile.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">protect a file from deleting it ............ $chattr +i foo.txt (might require sudo. +i is to set the immutable bit to prevent even root from erasing or changing the contents of a file)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">protect a dir recursively from deleting .... $chattr -R +i foo (might require sudo in front of the command)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">remove write protection from file .......... $chattr -i foo.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">remove write protection from dir rec ....... $chattr -R -i foo/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hide dir or file (only from GUI view) ...... $chflags hidden foodir / chflags hidden foo.txt (works in BSD & OS X, but don't provide security. Rather use password-protected/encrypted disk images)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hide dir or file ........................... $mv foodir .foodir / mv foo.txt .foo.txt (files and directories starting with dots "." are hidden and you have to use "ls -a" to see them)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Comparing files =</ins>==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compare file contents with ............... $diff file1 file2</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compare directory contents ............... $diff folder1 folder2</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">recursively compare any content (=subds) . $diff -r folder1 folder2</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">rec compare and print results in file .... $diff -r drupal6/modules_orig/ drupal6/modules/ > system_module_diffs.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>* [<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[diff | More info about diff]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Windows#Diff_Tool_In_Windows | Diff Tool In Windows]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Symbolic links ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">create a symbolic link "drupal.php" ...... $ln -s /var/www/drupal6/index.php drupal.php</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">create a symbolic link "/logs" ........... $ln -s /var/log /logs</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">remove a symbolic link (only the link) ... $rm /logs</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Listing, Finding and Searching Inside Files ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list files ................................. $ls</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list php files in current dir .............. $ls *.php</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list php files in specific dir ............. $ls examplefolder/*.php\u00a0 or\u00a0 $find system/ -name '*.php'</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list files (+hidden+permissions)............ $ls -la</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list files order by size desc .............. $ls -lh -S</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list files order by size asc ............... $ls -lh -S -r</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list files order by modified date desc ..... $ls -lTt (l = show details, T = show complete date/time information, t = sort by modified date, newest first)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list files order by modified date asc ...... $ls -lTtr (r = reverse = oldest files first)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show files modified date (year,month,time) . $ls -lT (output e.g. -rw-r--r--@\u00a0 1 theUser\u00a0 staff\u00a0 125954 Mar 19 19:29:22 2012 foo.txt)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list directories/folders only .............. $ls -d */</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list folders only (+hidden+permissions) .... $ls -la -d */</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">find file from root ........................ $find / -name httpd</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">find file foo.php starting from curr dir ... $find . -name foo.php</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list also file(s) info, e.g. size, mod ..... $find . -name foo.php -ls</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">find file or folder containing foo* ........ $find -name foo*</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">find file containing *html* ................ $find -name *html*.*</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">find all files with .rej extension ......... $find -name *.rej (starting from the current directory. use quotes "*.rej" or go one dir up if you get following message: "find</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">paths must precede expression: ..."</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">find *.rej from /foo/diffs & subdirs ....... $find /foo/diffs/ -name *.rej (you probably can't be in the same dir when making the search)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">paths must precede expression: viewforum.php.rej")</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show all folder ............................ $find . -type d</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">find file which is in /etc dir ............. $find /etc -name apache2.conf</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">search text from file, show line# .......... $grep 'exampletext' -n </ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">foo/bar.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">from all files and sub directories ......... $grep 'exampletext' -n --directories=recurse folder/*</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">from all files and sub directories ......... $grep 'exampletext' -r /var</ins>/www<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/html/*</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">from this & subdirs, only filenames ........ $grep 'exampletext' -r -l *</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">from this & subdirs, ignore case ........... $grep 'ExAmPlEtExT' -r -i *</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">exclude directory from search .............. $grep 'exampletext' * -rl --exclude-dir=cache</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">exclude multiple directories from search .</ins>.. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">$grep -r 'exampletext' * --exclude-dir=forum --exclude-dir=cache --exclude-dir=files</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">exclude files from search .................. $grep 'exampletext' -rl --exclude=*.{png,jpg} *</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">search recursive and ignore binary files ... $grep 'exampletext' -r -I *</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">to search e.g. '-A' use escape character ... $grep '\\-A' /foo/bar.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">find specific programs files ............... $locate mysqldump</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">locate patch tool .......................... $whereis patch</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">locate patch, prints e.g. /usr/bin</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">patch ... $which patch</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">find files modified during xx days ......... $find . -mtime -40 | less (exit less: q or Q or :q or :Q or ZZ)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">tree view (apt-get install tree) ........... $tree</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">tree view of only folders .................. $tree -d</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Showing file content on screen ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">print all file contents on screen ........ $cat index.html</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show file content ........................ $more index.html (exit: q)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show file content ........................ $less index.html (exit</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">q, go to the end of file: shift + G)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show first 10 lines of the file .......... $head index.html</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show first 50 lines of the file .......... $head -50 index.html</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show last 10 lines of the file ........... $tail index.html</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show last 50 lines of the file ........... $tail -50 index.html</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">search all .txt files and unite contents . $find /foo/bar/ -name *.txt -exec cat {} > texts.txt \\; (copies all the contents of .txt files to texts.txt)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Packing and unpacking ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Compress ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress folder to .tar.gz file .......... $tar -czf d6_bu.tar.gz drupal6/ (archive contains drupal6/ folder. c = create, z = compress archive with gzip, f = filename)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress folder to .tar.gz file .......... $tar -czf ~/Backups/d6_bu-$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H.%M.%S).tar.gz drupal6/\u00a0 (creates a file like d6_bu-2014-01-24-18.05.16.tar.gz)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress all in cur dir to .tar.gz file .. $tar -c --gzip -f /home/foo/d6_bu.tar.gz * (no parent directories/path in archive, only dirs inside the current dir. remember to specify the target folder when uncompressing the archive)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress all in cur dir to .tar.gz file .. $tar -czf /home/foo/d6_bu.tar.gz * (no parent directories/path in archive, only dirs inside the current dir. remember to specify the target folder when uncompressing the archive)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress folder to .tar.gz file .......... $tar -c --gzip -f d6_bu.tar.gz drupal6/* (archive contains drupal6/ folder)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">BAD example for .tar.gz file ............. $tar -c --gzip -f d6_bu.tar.gz /Users/john/Sites/drupal6/ (all files in the archive have a path /Users/john/Sites/drupal6/ when uncompressed starting from the current directory where you uncompressed it)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">BETTER example for .tar.gz file .......... $tar -c --gzip -f d6_bu.tar.gz -C /Users/john/Sites/ drupal6/ (-C changes the directory first to /Users/john/Sites/ and then compresses drupal6</ins>/ <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">dir)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">exclude dirs when compressing ............ $tar -czf drupal-6.tar.gz --exclude 'drupal-6/resources' --exclude 'drupal-6/forum/files'\u00a0 drupal-6/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">exclude dirs after change dir ............ $tar -czf drupal-6.tar.gz -C '/Users/john/websites/' --exclude 'drupal-6/resources' --exclude 'drupal-6/forum/files' drupal-6/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress files with gzip (.gz) ........... $gzip filename.foo (it REPLACES your original file with a compressed version: filename.foo.gz)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress files with gzip (.gz) ........... $gzip -k filename.foo (it creates compressed version</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">filename.foo.gz and keeps your original file also. works only in gzip versions since June 2013.)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress folder with gzip ................ $make a .tar file first and then gzip or use -r to make multiple .gz files</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">make a .tar file of folder contents ...... $tar -cvvf d6_bu.tar /var/www/drupal6</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress to .tar.bz2 file ................ $tar -c --bzip2 -f d6_bu.tar.bz2 drupal6/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress .zip file ....................... $zip files.zip *</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">compress specific files to .zip file ..... $zip files.zip file1 file2 file3</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Unpack ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .tar.gz archive ................... $tar -xzf filename.tar.gz (if same files exists in unpacking destination those will be OVERWRITTEN)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .tar.gz archive ................... $tar -xzvkf filename.tar.gz (k = do not overwrite existing files. --keep-newer-files option do not overwrite existing files that are newer than the versions appearing in the archive being extracted.)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .tar.gz archive ................... $tar -xzvf filename.tar.gz (x = extract, z = gzip, v = verbosely </ins>list <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">files processed, f = use archive file)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .tar.gz to specific dir ........... $tar -xzvf drupal-6.17.tar.gz -C /var/www/ (C = change to directory DIR, the directory have to exist or otherwise you'll get an error message)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .tar files ........................ $tar xvf filename.tar</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .gz files ......................... $gunzip filename.foo.gz (it REPLACES your original file: filename.foo.gz with an uncompressed version: filename.foo)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .gz files keeping original file ... $gunzip -k filename.foo.gz (keeps original file also. works only in gzip versions since June 2013.)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack bzip2 archive ..................... $sudo tar xfj phpBB-3.0.6.tar.bz2</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .zip files ........................ $unzip filename.zip</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .zip files to specific folder ..... $unzip filename.zip -d /var/www/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .zip (do not make directories) .... $unzip -j filename.zip</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack lzipped-file (.lz) ................ $lzip -d node_revisions.sql.lz (note! the .lz file is removed if the operation is successful!)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack .lz file, keeping orig file also .. $lzip -d --keep node_revisions.sql.lz</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unpack stripping the 1st dir level ....... $tar -xzvf /path/to/file.tar.gz --strip 1\u00a0 (if the archive contains dir structure "parent/children/[files</ins>]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">" it will be unarchived as "children/[files]")</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== List Files In Archives ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list files in .tar.gz archive ............ $tar -tzf backup.tar.gz (t = list files, z= filter through gzip, f = use archive file)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list files in .gz archive ................ $gunzip -l filename.gz</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list files in .zip archive ............... $unzip -l filename.zip</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Checking disc, file and folder sizes and file count ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">check the size of mounted sections (KB).... $df</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">check the size of mounted sections (MB&GB). $df -h</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">check the size of specific directory ...... $du -hs /var/www/drupal/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">check the size of directories and files ... $du -hs /var/www/drupal/</ins>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> (lists size of the files individually)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">check the size of dir's subdirs ........... $du -h /var/www/drupal/\u00a0 \u00a0 (shows a total size)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">check the size of dir's files ............. $ls -lh /var/www/drupal/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show all files order by size desc ......... $ls -lh -S</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show all files order by size asc .......... $ls -lh -S -r</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">check the number of files in directory .... $ls -l drupal6 | wc -l</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Config and build from source code ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">e.g. Apache web server:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">navigate to the right folder ............. $cd httpd-2_x_xx</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">configure ................................ $./configure --enable-so </ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">other options]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">make/build ............................... $make</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">install Apache ........................... $make install</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">If install fails you can try to build it again</ins>:</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">clean old build</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">configuration ............ $clean make</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list available flags ..................... $./configure --help</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">..and then configure + make/build + install</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== File and folder permissions & ownership ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">read & write for current usr ............. $chmod 644 filename.ext</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">read & write for web server .............. $chmod 666 filename.ext</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change folder rights recursively ......... $chmod 750 -R /var/www/drupal</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change owner of a file ................... $chown root filename.ext</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change owner and group of a file ......... $chown root.www-data filename.ext</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change owner and group of a file ......... $chown root:www-data filename.ext</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change owner & group of a dir&files rec .. $chown root:www-data folder/ -R</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change o & g of all files in current dir . $chown www-data:</ins>www<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">-data *</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change only a owner group </ins>..<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">.............. $chown :www-data config.php</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change only a owner group ................ $chgrp www-data config.php</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change owner group recursively (fil&dir) . $chgrp -R www-data examplefolder</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">remove write perm from current group ..... $chmod g-w examplefolder</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">add execute perm for file owner (rec) .... $chmod u+x -R examplefolder</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">add write access to others group (002) ... $chmod o+w drupal-7/sites/default/settings.php</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change all root right to theuser rec ..... $chown -R --from=root:root theuser:theuser * (starting from current dir, change all file ownership which are owned by root to theuser)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">e.g. files folder permissions</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">chmod 754 files</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1. number = u = user/owner</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2. number = g = group</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">3. number = o</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a = others group </ins>/ <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">anonymous users</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ls -la</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">drwxr-xr-- 2 1080 www-data 4096 2010-06-13 10</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">12 files</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">d = type: directory/folder</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">r = read = 4</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">w = write = 2</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">x = execute = 1</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">- = no permission = 0</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">permission numbers are calculated from binaries e.g. full access 7 = 4+2+1 = rwx</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== OS X Specific Permissions ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">other permission examples:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">-rw-r--r--@</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">"@" symbol appearing to the right of the permission tables (OS X specific) means the file has additional attributes which you can see by typing: xattr -l foo.txt --> com.apple.quarantine</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">0001;5264fbed;Firefox;)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list all files and their attributes ...... $ls -la@</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">xattr</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list all attributes in current directory . $xattr </ins>*</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list additional file attributes .......... $xattr foo.txt --> com.apple.quarantine</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list detailed additional file attributes . $xattr -l foo.txt --> com.apple.quarantine: 0001;5264fbed;Firefox;</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete one extended attribute ............ $xattr -d com.apple.quarantine foo.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">remove all extended attributes ........... $xattr -c foo.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">-rw-r--r--+</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">This indicates the file has an ACL, short for Access Control List, which is used to give fine grained control over file permissions (OS X specific), beyond what is available with the regular unix permission tables.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Typing the following will show these additional permissions for files in a directory: ls -le</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">drwxr-sr-x</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">s = </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== User management ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">add a new user ........................... $adduser exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete a user account and related files .. $userdel exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">logout user .............................. $skill -KILL -u exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list all users and their home folders .... $cat /etc/passwd</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show all users which has /home directory . $cat /etc/passwd |grep "/home" |cut -d: -f1</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change user's home directory ............. $usermod -d /exampledir/subdir exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change password for current users ........ $passwd</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change password for specific users ....... $passwd exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change password for group ................ $passwd -g examplegroup</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">enable Ubuntu root account ............... $sudo passwd root</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change user .............................. $su exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Group management ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">create a new group ....................... $groupadd examplegroup</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delete group ............................. $groupdel examplegroup</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show all groups .......................... $less /etc/group</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show the current user's groups ........... $groups</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show groups of a specific user ........... $groups exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">List all members of a group .............. grep 'examplegroup' /etc/group</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">List all members of a group .............. members examplegroup (apt install members)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">List all members of a group .............. lid -g examplegroup (apt install libuser)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">add user to a new group (keep old grps) .. $usermod -a -G examplegroup exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">add user to a new group (keep old grps) .. $adduser exampleuser examplegroup</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">add user to multiple groups .............. $usermod -a -G group1,group2,group3 exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">add group to multiple users .............. $gpasswd -M user1,user2,user3 examplegroup (Note: This will remove unlisted users from the group!)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">add group to multiple users .............. $for user in user1 user2 user3; do sudo usermod -a -G examplegroup "$user"; done</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">remove user's group2 (is in group1,2,3) .. $usermod -G group1,group3 exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">force a new primary group for user ....... $usermod -g examplegroup exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== X server (desktop / graphical ui) ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gnome desktop</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">close the X server ....................... $sudo /etc/init.d/gdm stop</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">start the X server ....................... $sudo /etc/init.d/gdm start</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">restart the X server ..................... $sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kde desktop</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">close the X server ....................... $sudo /etc/init.d/kdm stop</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Date and Time ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">view the current date and time ........... $date</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">set date time to 28.6.2010 13:45:55 ...... $date 062813452010.55</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change current time zone (recommended) ... $dpkg-reconfigure tzdata</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change current time zone (deprecated) .... $tzconfig</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">change current time zone ................. $tzselect</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sets the current time/date for file ...... $settime myfile.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">create or change accessed time if exists . $touch newfile.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Sync your clock with NTP servers (Network Time Protocol) ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">http://codeghar.wordpress.com/2007/12/06/manage-time-in-ubuntu-through-command-line/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Job Managing ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Job and task handling tips</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show ongoing jobs/tasks/programs ......... $jobs</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">cancel/terminate job ..................... ctrl+c</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">stop/pause job ........................... ctrl+z</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bring the most recently backgrounded or</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">stopped job to the foreground ............ $fg</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">move stopped job to bg based on job id ... $bg 3</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">run as a background task (use '&') ....... $drush search-index &</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Note!''' If a task was started and is running in the foreground, it is still possible to move it to the background without cancelling it</ins>:</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"># ctrl-z, this will suspend the current foreground job (task).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"># Enter the job control command 'bg'</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"># Tap the 'Enter' key</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The job is now running in the background</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Administration Related Commands ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Operating System Restart </ins>/ <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Reboot </ins>/ <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Shut Down ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">restart your system ...................... $shutdown -r now</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bring down the system immediately ........ $shutdown now</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">bring down and power off the system ....</ins>.. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">$shutdown -P now</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* More info: http:</ins>//<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www.computerhope.com</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unix/ushutdow.htm</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== crontab ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edit current user's crontab .............. $crontab -e</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">edit theuser user's crontab .............. $crontab </ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">u theuser -e</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>list <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">current user's crontab .............. $crontab -l</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[Crontab|Crontab tips]</ins>]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Process Handling ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Show Processes ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">display all running processes ............ $ps -A (ps stands for "process status")</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">display all running processes ............ $ps -e</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">display all running processes ............ $ps aux | less\u00a0 (-a all w/ tty except session leaders, -u by effective user ID (supports names), x processes w/o controlling ttys)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">display all 'apache' processes ........... $ps aux | grep apache</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">display ps command help .................. $ps --help</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">display all 'firefox' process ids ........ $pgrep firefox</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">display all 'firefox' process ids ........ $pidof firefox</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show exampleuser's all processes ......... $ps -u exampleuser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show running processes as a tree ......... $pstree</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">live-status of current top CPU processes . $top (q = quit, h = help)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">==== Kill Processes ====</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">terminate process with id 3486 ........... $kill 3486</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kill process 3486 (with "force") ......... $kill -9 3486</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">kill all firefox processes (not unix!) ... $killall -9 firefox (DO NOT USE killall command on UNIX system as it's Linux only command)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Server Related Commands ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show process info, e.g. cpu-time & mem ... $top (q = quit, h = help)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">restart apache web server ................ $/etc/init.d/httpd restart</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Network Related Commands ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">http</ins>://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">comptechdoc</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">os</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">linux/commands/linux_crnetman.html</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Network Interface Commands ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show network interfaces .................. $ifconfig</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show eth0 interface ...................... $ifconfig eth0</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">shut down eth0 interface, releases ip .... $ifconfig eth0 down</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">enables the eth0 interface, renews ip .... $ifconfig eth0 up</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">restart the network using the values</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">in /etc/network/interfaces ............... $/etc/init.d/networking restart</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== SSH ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">open ssh connection ...................... $ssh exampleuser@iporhost.name</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">open ssh connection with debug info ...... $ssh -v exampleuser@iporhost.name</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">open ssh connection using custom port .... $ssh exampleuser@123.3.2.1 -p123</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">force ssh to use specific private key .... $ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa_foo user@exampleserver.com</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">specify private key, port and user ....... $ssh -i /vm/rackspaceclone/puphpet/files/dot/ssh/root_id_rsa -p 2222 root@127.0.0.1</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">close (the most recent) connection ....... $exit</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[SSH | More about SSH]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">If you get an error message during idle session the service have probably timeouted</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''Write Failed: broken pipe''.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Edit (or create) <code></ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">etc/ssh/ssh_config</code> for Linux and <code>~/.ssh/config</code> </ins>for <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mac and add the first line. If that don't help you can try the others as well.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ServerAliveInterval 120</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ClientAliveInterval 120</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">TCPKeepAlive yes</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== screen ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">SSH sessions may break due to numerous and possibly unavoidable reasons.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A useful utility which can be used to mitigate problems caused by this is called screen. Screen is a powerful utility that allows you to control multiple terminals which will stay alive independently of the ssh session. For example, if you run '''<code>screen</code>''' in an ssh session you will see a new terminal open and you can use that to run jobs. Lets say </ins>your <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ssh session dies in the process. Running '''<code>screen -d</code>''' then '''<code>screen -r</code>''' will reopen the last session and you will be able to continue from there. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>* [<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">http</ins>://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">delorie.com/gnu/docs/screen/screen_toc.html Screen User's Manual]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Start a screen session .</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">.................... $screen</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Start a screen session ...................... $ctrl-a c</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">End a screen session ........................ $exit</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">End a specific screen session, e.g. 1234 .... $screen -X -S 1234 quit (sends a quit command for specified session)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Get the list of current screen sessions ..... $screen -list / screen -ls</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">check opened screens and process tree ....... $ps auxfw</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">If you have multiple screens open go next ... $ctrl-a space / ctrl-a n / ctrl-a ctrl-n</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Go to the previous active screen ............ $ctrl-a p </ins>/ <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ctrl-a ctrl-p</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Detach</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">disconnect screen from your terminal . $screen -d</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Reattach a session .......................... $screen -r</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Open screen with a specific title ........... $screen -t thescreenname</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">If you get following message: <code>-bash: screen</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">command not found<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">code>, install screen first.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">yum install screen</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">or</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">apt-get install screen</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">If you get following message:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">There are several suitable screens on</ins>:</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t64917.ttys002.Johns-MacBook\t(Detached)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t64960.ttys001.Johns-MacBook\t(Detached)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Type "screen [-d] -r [pid.]tty.host" to resume one of them.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Reattach a specific session (pid) ........... $screen -r 64917</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== SFTP ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">open sftp connection ..................... $sftp exampleuser@123.123.123.123</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">show sftp commands once connected ........ sftp> help</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">download file </ins>to <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">local computer .......... sftp> get /home/user/file1.ext</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list folders and files </ins>on <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sftp server .... sftp> ls</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">list folders and files on local computer . sftp> lls</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">See commands also from: http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_sftp.htm</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== SCP ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''scp''' stands for secure cp (copy), which means that you can copy files across an ssh connection that will be encrypted, and therefore secured.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copy the file "foobar.txt" from a remote host to the local host dir</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp exampleuser@iporhostname.com:foobar.txt /some/local/directory</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copy the file "foobar.txt" from a remote host to the current dir in local host using port 22</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp -P 22 exampleuser@iporhostname.com:foobar.txt .</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copy the file "foobar.txt" from the local host to a remote host</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp foobar.txt exampleuser@iporhostname.com:/some/remote/directory </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copy the directory "foo" from the local host to a remote host's directory "bar"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp -r foo exampleuser@iporhostname.com:/some/remote/directory/bar </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copy all the files and sub directories from the remote host's directory "foo" to a local host's current directory</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp -r exampleuser@iporhostname.com:/some/remote/directory/foo/* .</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copy all the files and sub directories from the remote host's directory "foo" starting with "a" letter to a local host's parent directory's subdirectory "bar"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp -r exampleuser@iporhostname.com:/some/remote/directory/foo/a* ../bar/</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copy the file "foobar.txt" from remote host "host1.com" to remote host "host2.com"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp username@host1.com:/some/remote/directory/foobar.txt \\</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> username@host2.com:/some/remote/directory/ </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copying the files "foo.txt" and "bar.txt" from the local host to </ins>your <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">home directory on the remote host</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp foo.txt bar.txt exampleuser@iporhostname.com:~ </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copy the files "foo.txt" and "bar.txt" from the remote host to current local directory</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp exampleuser@iporhostname.com:"/dir1/foo.txt /dir2/bar.txt" .</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copy the file "foobar.txt" from the local host to a remote host using port 2264</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp -P 2264 foobar.txt exampleuser@iporhostname.com:/some/remote/directory</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Copy file from remote server using port 341 to local users home folder's /Sites/bu subdirectory</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> $ scp -P 341 exampleuser@65.39.183.128:/home/exampleuser/drupal6_bu_20130130.sql.gz ~/Sites/bu</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Different commands ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">download a file using wget ............... $wget http://ftp.drupal.org/files/projects/panels-6.x-3.9.tar.gz</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">download multiple files at the same time . $wget http://foo.org/file1.txt http://foo.org/file2.txt http://foo.org/file3.txt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></pre></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Linux administration ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Installing packages ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Apt-get]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Updating system ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td class='diff-addedline'><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Category:Linux commands]</ins>]</div></td></tr>\n"
}
}